Ethical and Regulatory Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Radiology Practice

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical radiology has grown rapidly in line with digital transformation and the increasing demand for efficiency in healthcare services. However, the rapid adoption of AI has not always been accompanied by adequate ethical and regulatory readiness. This study aims to evaluate the ethical framework and regulatory governance of AI applications in radiology practice, both globally and nationally, through a systematic literature review with a narrative analysis approach. The findings reveal that international bodies such as the WHO, FDA, and the European Union have developed ethical guidelines and algorithm audit standards emphasizing transparency, accountability, and patient data security. In contrast, Indonesia has yet to establish specific regulations addressing certification, legal responsibility, and data privacy in medical AI applications. Major challenges include low digital literacy among healthcare professionals, overlapping institutional authorities, and the absence of independent oversight mechanisms. Therefore, the establishment of a national ethical framework, algorithm audit system, and professional training policies is essential to ensure that AI utilization in clinical radiology is conducted safely, transparently, and equitably.