The Challenge of Upholding the State's Digital Sovereignty in Facing Data Monopoly Practices by Foreign Over-The-Top Platforms in Indonesia

Enforcing digital sovereignty in Indonesia faces serious challenges due to the dominance of foreign Over-The-Top (OTT) platforms in controlling national data and digital markets. These data monopolization practices by global companies not only create technological dependency but also limit state control over the flow of strategic information, which should be part of national sovereignty. Although Indonesia already has several legal instruments, such as Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and its amendments, Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition, and Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation, the implementation of these regulations still faces significant obstacles in addressing the power of the transnational digital economy. One of the main obstacles lies in jurisdictional issues that limit the effectiveness of national law enforcement against global entities operating without a physical presence in Indonesia. This research emphasizes the need to strengthen national regulations with stronger legal instruments against foreign OTTs, develop international cooperation in cross-border data governance, and empower local digital infrastructure as strategic steps to strengthen Indonesia's digital sovereignty. Therefore, efforts to address data monopoly practices by foreign OTTs require not only national legal reforms but also cross-sector and cross-national synergy to address global digital geopolitical challenges.