A Criminological Study of the Double Victimization of Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in Traffic Accidents Without Legal Protection Under Labor Law

The growing gig economy in Indonesia presents serious challenges in legal protection for workers, including online motorcycle taxi drivers. They are vulnerable because they face double risk: being both victims of traffic accidents and those without adequate employment protection. This double victimization arises from a legal vacuum regarding the employment relationship between drivers and app companies, which has traditionally been constructed as a partnership. Consequently, drivers are excluded from formal protection as stipulated in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of the Government Regulation in Lieu of the Job Creation Law into Law. This legal uncertainty also makes it difficult for drivers to access social security, including BPJS Ketenagakerjaan (Employment Social Security Agency), which is supposed to provide protection against workplace accidents. From a criminological perspective, online motorcycle taxi drivers experience multiple victimization processes, not only because they are vulnerable to traffic accidents in public spaces, but also because legal policies favor the interests of app companies over field workers. Therefore, regulations are needed that explicitly recognize the status of gig economy workers, including requiring app companies to register drivers in employment social security schemes. A criminological approach can form the basis for formulating fairer policies must protect drivers as legal subjects, not simply positioned as business partners.